Hanahoe officers moved the 9th Division and other trusted units. Jeong was seized. Some loyalist resistance occurred at Army HQ. US Forces Korea was informed after the fact -- a still-argued alliance wrinkle, not a US-run coup.
The "new military" widened control in May 1980, closed politics, and sent troops to Gwangju. The civic dead of 18-27 May are the moral centre of the 1979-80 file for most Koreans. The June Democratic Struggle forced a direct presidential election. Later trials (1995-96) convicted Chun and Roh for 12.12 and Gwangju -- a legal afterlife rare among this atlas's coups.
Check each criteria to confirm findings against the atlas verdict.
Hanahoe officers moved the 9th Division and other trusted units. Jeong was seized. Some loyalist resistance occurred at Army HQ. US Forces Korea was informed after the fact -- a still-argued alliance wrinkle, not a US-run coup.
The "new military" widened control in May 1980, closed politics, and sent troops to Gwangju. The civic dead of 18-27 May are the moral centre of the 1979-80 file for most Koreans. The June Democratic Struggle forced a direct presidential election. Later trials (1995-96) convicted Chun and Roh for 12.12 and Gwangju -- a legal afterlife rare among this atlas's coups.
Films (12.12: The Day, A Taxi Driver) recast the English-available memory in the 2010s-20s. Hanahoe was a secret faction inside the ROK Army -- force-structure politics, not a live ORBAT.
USFK and the Combined Forces Command existed because of 1953. Whether Washington could have stopped 12.12 is argued; that it did not run 12.12 is the mainstream account. Shooting in Seoul that night was limited; it was not a battle like 1950. The large death ledger is Gwangju in May 1980 -- hundreds in official counts, higher in civic estimates.
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Next question: Korean War · Open the topic: 12 December 1979 coup
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